Union rights and collective bargaining

Introduction The Work Choices legacy has been one of declining unionization and less collective bargaining in workplace relations. Conversely, the Fair Work Act (FW Act) 2009 is seen as a tool for reinstating enterprise wide collective bargaining. In this proposal, it shall be argued that the FW Act is a far better legislation for collective bargaining than previous legislations through an analysis of the core values in the legislation and some of the particular workplace changes that have been and will be altered through implementation of this law.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Union rights and collective bargaining specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current situation on collective bargaining Collective bargaining in Australia has often been viewed as an adversarial relationship. The battle is often between workers, their unions or representatives and their employers. There has been little room for consensus and this has led to excessive arbitration as well as continual mistrust between parties in workplace relations. There is a need to move from these hostilities to a more harmonious approach to collective bargaining (Forysth and Stewart, 2009). Although things are changing after instatement of the Fair Work Act in 2009, the workplace arena is yet to undergo a paradigm shift from the old way of viewing industrial relations to this new one. Prior to the passing of the FW Act, statutory individual agreements were the main way of bargaining between employers and their workers. This was especially enforced through the Work Choices Act of 2005. The latter legislation made it okay for employers to refuse to negotiate with unions if and when the need arose. Individual agreements were the order of the day and employers often had the upper hand. Currently, this has changed slightly because the new legislation does not encourage these approaches to collective bargaining. Why laws regulating col lective bargaining are important One cannot fully exhaust the reasons why legislating collective bargaining is important because the matter is quite lengthy. However, at the heart of it, is the need to protect the rights of employees. These rights should not merely be thought of theoretically because they often translate into practical applications for workers. Workers who enjoy union membership or who have applied collective bargaining often benefit from better working conditions; which is an important process of these expressions. They also gain the advantage of having better pay at work and employers who listen to them (Cooper and Ellem, 2009). Making laws on collective bargaining can potentially increase the level of productivity at work. This is because if employee’s rights are protected, then chances are that they are likely to concentrate at work and this may affect their outcomes. Eventually, high productivity among individuals translates into higher productivity nati onally thus contributing to greater competiveness globally.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Industrial action is always a potential problem in the workplace setting. Sometimes employees may try enterprise bargaining to no avail and this may reach an impasse. To this extent, they may choose the industrial action route. It is always necessary for the law to have a clear cut definition of matters that can legitimise an industrial action. Furthermore, legislations on collective bargaining can also lay out the procedures that employers can follow during a strike. To this end, the degree of industrial action can dramatically reduce once legislations are clear on them (Mc crystal, 2008). Arbitration during industrial action can also arise so it is always important to have laws that clearly lay out the processes for arbitration or the conditions thereof. In order for Australia t o be viewed as progressive in terms of human rights, then it needs to accord its workers decent working conditions. It should also be such that it encourages fair treatment at work as well. These are all key elements that are covered in collective bargaining laws and should therefore be highly encouraged. Why the Fair Work Act 2009 should be retained One of the most important reasons why the Fair Work Act 2009 should be retained is that it advocates for cooperation within the workplace relations setting. These specifics can be found in clause 577 (d) of the FW Act. Furthermore, it looks towards restoring some balance in workplace relations by focusing on productive relations over and above any other arrangement. To this end, it is likely that unions, employers and employees will develop constructive relationships between themselves as they continue to interact with one another. This represents a shift from past approaches and therefore marks a hallmark in the future of collective ba rgaining (Forysth and Stewart, 2009). Cooperation in this Act is to be achieved through the good faith principle. The FW Act advocates for the replacement of arbitration with good faith. This means that emphasis should be given to the process rather than the outcomes of collective bargaining. It is likely that parties will show good faith because the legislation even gives specific ways of how this can be achieved such as through information disclosure between bargaining parties, giving responses to requests and avoiding unfair conduct. The explicit nature of these obligations is what is likely to lead to such great success in implementation of the FW Act in the future thus streamlining collective bargaining (Cooper and Ellem, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Union rights and collective bargaining specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also interesting to note that the Fair Work Australia body will only be consulted in cases where the said stakeholders illustrated that they were not willing to abide by the good faith principle. In this regard, parties are expected to look for other alternatives to making an agreement work before they can make a declaration that a breach has been reached. Before a declaration can be made, Fair Work Australia must not only ensure that all alternatives have been sought but that there is no hope for consensus in the future. Even after the FWA have decided on a declaration, they still allow for a twenty one day period where the parties are to sit down and discuss their contentious issue so that they can try and reconcile. Once this has failed then it is only at this time when the Fair Work Australia body will declare a workplace determination. As can be seen the process of getting a serious breach is very complicated and this causes many parties to look for internal ways of coming to agreements and therefore enforces harmony at the workplace (Cooper and E llem, 2009). On the other hand, some critics might look at these immensely complicated processes for reaching agreements as an obstacle to real bargaining because they may force parties to concede to decisions. However, does not occur because hard bargaining is allowed as was seen in the case of National Union of Workers versus ACCO Australia Pty Ltd 2009. These two groups had reached an impasse and there was a need to establish whether the parties were exercising good faith by trying to reach an agreement. The presiding Commissioner asserted that the respective groups were entitled to hard bargaining which was separate and distinct from not trying to reach an agreement. This case therefore illustrates that the legislation still leaves enough room for tough negotiation and that parties need not be forced to take on positions that they do not desire. It is indeed a fair legislation. The Fair work legislation also accords freedom for employees engaging in collective bargaining to a ce rtain extent. This is because it allows workers to select any party as a representative during bargaining. In this regard, employees are allowed to select individuals or groups such as unions. Therefore, this legislation is an improvement over past regimes when it comes to collective bargaining because it allows for union formation. It should be noted here that unionisation is not explicitly stated because the emphasis in the Fair Work Act was on individual’s rights at the workplace. However, because in the process of collective bargaining, unions must come in, then this matter is effectively handled in the Act. The doctrine of good faith is sufficient to cover aspects of unionisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Australian Labour Party firmly believed that industrial action was a serious problem and that the regulation of illegal strikes needed to be implemented thoroughly and without any compromise. Similarly, the Coalition agreed with these sentiments hence explaining why little has changed in terms of industrial action within the Fair Work Act. This minimal changes work well for the legislation because opposing parties had a consensus on industrial action prior to the FW Act so maintaining it is quite wise (Mc Crystal, 2008). Another important feature about the FW Act is its ease of use. It is quite uncomplicated to go through the legislation and most of the elements regulated are clearly laid out (Forsyth and Stewart, 2009). This means that there is indeed no need to include certain micro legislations later on that may eventually compromise the intention of the Fair Work Act. Simplicity in any piece of legislation often implies that the persons using it can effectively understand th eir obligations and their rights and this harmonises workplace relations. The FW Act ought to be retained because of its ability to incorporate flexibility and fairness within the workplace. It has managed to tackle the issues of discrimination while at the same time considered the concerns of managers because most of them are needed in order to make the idea workable. In this regard, the issue of a national minimum wage has always been a central issue in collective bargaining. Consequently, a legislation that establishes a fair way of regulating the national wage is always laudable. In this law, the FW Act has stated that the Australian Fair pay commission will be responsible for conducting an annual review of the country’s wages (Stewart, 2009). This means that the reinstatement of certain employment standards will be restored and this will contribute greatly towards the restoration of worker’s collective rights. Forysth and Stewart (2009) note that this was a concep t borrowed from overseas i.e. the British who have a Low Pay Commission in charge of determining the statutory minimum. If the latter model worked well for Britain then perhaps the same thing may be said of Australia. Some opponents to the Fair Work Act have stated that the core principles inherent in this legislation are not new in industrial relations around the world. The concept of good faith was borrowed from the United States yet there isn’t much to say about unionisation and collective bargaining in the latter country. These sceptics have affirmed that perhaps Australia will head in such a direction if it continues to do the same. However, what they have not considered is that the collective bargaining in any country cannot succeed without the right institutional structures. In the United States, there is a lack of supportive jurisprudential structures for their good faith concept hence explaining why the idea was not workable there. Perhaps another crucial strength th at can be linked to this Act is the issue of National Employment Standards. The manner in which issues have been clearly outlined in the legislation is quite commendable and they all demonstrate how the needs of employees have been placed at the centre of the Act. This legislation has tried to achieve a balance between family issues as well as work related responsibilities. In other words, work life balance has been brought on by the Fair Work Act. For example, parental leave has been redefined in order to include gay couples such that minimal discrimination in the workplace can be instated. Parents are allowed to ask for combined leave if they so wish. Additionally, working extra time has also been regulated with employees being granted the rights to reject unreasonable hours. There are many more issues that have been added to this legislation to make it quite proactive in terms of worker’s rights. It is likely that employers and employees may disagree over issues like paren tal leave, working extra hours and entitlements to couples, by explicitly stating what is the national employment standard, the Fair Work Act has gone a long way in simplifying matters during collective bargaining because individuals now know what to expect and what not to expect after negotiation (Stewart, 2009). It should be noted that this legislation does not just favour members of one group over another because it would seem as though employer’s concerns have been pushed aside. However, this legislation is quite fair. First of all, employers possess the right to be heard. Unions and employers ought not to assume that they have a smooth ride because all the rules support their side. Bargaining needs to be done fairly enough as was seen in the case of Australian postal Corporation versus CEPU (2009). In this case, the union wanted to stop independent contracting by the Australia Post. Fair Work Australia found against the union and declared that employers had their side of the story and ought to be heard. This case demonstrated that the FW Act has redefined how bargaining is to be carried out. Employers can also be aggrieved parties in negotiations and they need to be protected. Sometimes employers may need to make changes in their workplaces while a negotiation is going on; this legislation allows for managerial changes during such processes. This makes sense because the negotiations may be going on for a long time and yet those workplace changes may be needed immediately. This legislation is therefore not one sided in that it does not overly lean towards the concerns of employees without bothering about employers. Such a quality is always very critical in ensuring the success of a given Act. When one side is overly favoured over the other then this may result in opposition from the other party and may eventually translate into failure of that legislation. In fact the concept of balance has an important part of the fair work act 2009. It was not jus t seen as a law for protecting worker’s rights or union assertions; it was also seen as a platform for merging the latter concerns with those of businessmen. Political leaders from the opposition and the government often have their endorsements of some of the regulations that need to be made in collective bargaining. Some of them may support business interests over and above workers needs while others may be more interested in restoring union representation. The Fair Work Act reconciles both types of political leaders because none of their needs have been totally met but also none of them have been totally ignored. It struck a balance in meeting these interests. The latter law is also important because it has been able to restore affirmative action into collective bargaining realms. Although not explicitly stated in the legislation, Fair Work Australia has the prerogative to order equal remuneration for males and females if it has been shown that the latter parties are doing the same work. Although such a provision was made available in the past through the Workplace relations Act, the Fair Work Act is different because it stretches the mandate of Fair Work to make these orders concerning equal pay. It is interesting how this law was able to strike a balance between employer’s need to manage (either through instatement of certain workplace related changes or through their right to be heard during negotiations) and employees’ rights. The issue of unfair dismissal has been thoroughly discussed in the legislation and should therefore result in more effective outcomes in the future. Lastly, the multi enterprise provision in the Act assists employers by eliminating some of the excessive procedures that they may go through when negotiating through the use of single enterprise agreement. This creates simplicity in bargaining and therefore enhances business interests. Conclusion The Fair work Act does a lot for employers and employees alike. At th e heart of it is the move towards cooperation at the workplace such that adversarial relationships can be eradicated. Furthermore, the legislation propagates the principles of work life balance and minimal workplace discrimination. It also advocates for social inclusion and enhances workers rights through the parental leave provisions as well as through unfair dismissal provisions. On the other hand, employers concerns have also been addressed through provisions of the nature of bargaining and through the multi enterprise agreement. References Forsyth, A. (2007). ‘Worker Representation in Australia: Moving Towards Overseas Models?’ Australian Bulletin of Labour , 33 Forsyth, A. And Stewart, A. (2009). (Eds), Fair Work: The New Workplace Laws and the Work Choices Legacy, The Federation Press, Sydney Stewart, A. (2009). ‘A Question of Balance: Labor’s New Vision for Workplace Regulation’ Australian Journal of Labour Law 3: 29 McCrystal, S. (2008). â₠¬ËœA New Consensus: The Coalition, the ALP and the Regulation of of Industrial Action’ Cooper, R. Ellem, B. (2009). Fair work and re-regulation of collective bargaining. Australian journal of labour law, 22, 284-306 This essay on Union rights and collective bargaining was written and submitted by user PhilCoulson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Creation of Pakistan

Creation of Pakistan The partitioning of the Indian subcontinent led to the foundation of Pakistan as a predominantly separate state for Muslims and established a sectarian boundary with the Republic of India, which became predominantly Hindu.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main explanation for the creation of Pakistan was the need to protect the Muslims form oppression and discrimination they faced as a minority group in predominantly Hindu regions, and provide an environment favorable to the practice of Islam. Pakistan inherited a system of governance based on the British legal code that had been in force during the colonial regime. The adoption of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 marked the onset of the transformation of Pakistan into an Islamic state because the resolution led to the inclusion of Islamic laws and teachings in various aspects of implementation of future laws in Pakistan. Another major undertaking that encouraged the transformation of Pakistan into an Islamic state was the declaration of Islam as the official religion in 1956 based on the consideration that a significant percentage of people in Pakistan practiced Islam (Cohen 41). Furthermore, the creation and adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan provided a foundation upon which an Islamic state could thrive. The constitution describes the structuring of the Senate and National Assembly and creates slots meant for representatives of women and minority religious groups.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, unlike during the era of the Muslim League, where accommodation of other religious groups was minimal, all-inclusive systems are evident in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan as parliament made a consideration for minority religions and allowed f ree practice of other religious beliefs. The analysis of the evolution of Pakistan from a Muslim state to an Islamic state requires an understating of transformations in the form of governance and restructuring of institutions based on the Islamic religious law. The aspect of Pakistan being an Islamic state is evident in the purpose of its initial leaders to seek for the creation of a predominant Muslim state and the reign of Mohammed Ali who was the president of the Muslim League, which largely supported the division of the state of Bengal based on religious lines (Jaffrelot 137). While the Indian National Congress (NIC) opposed the creation of regions based on religion, the Muslim League sought to establish a system that would safeguard the rights of Muslims. As the rift between INC and the Muslim League increased, as evident by the failure of the two groups to join against the British in the 1930s, leaders of the Muslim League embarked on plans to establish a Muslim state. The pu rsuit of a separate Muslim state led to the eruption of sectarian civil conflict in India that pitted Hindus against Muslims and remained unresolved despite the calls for an untied India by Lord Louis. To end the conflict that was spiraling out of control, Lord Louis agreed to the demands of the Muslim League and formed two separate states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the relationship in various aspects of a Muslim state and Islamic state such as the dominance of Islamic laws and teachings, the characteristic of Pakistan as an Islamic state started to emerge with the incorporation of Islamic law within the structure of the parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. In this regard, democratic electoral institutions and the existence of popular sovereignty in Pakistan highlight the features of an Islamic state. Cohen, Stephen P, The idea of Pakistan, Washing ton, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. Print. Jaffrelot, Christophe, A history of Pakistan and its origins, London: Anthem, 2004. Print.

Transnational Segmentation - the Way Forward Essay

Transnational Segmentation - the Way Forward - Essay Example There can be shifts within the industry which alter the marketing strategies. These, in turn, would alter the segmentation process, the targeting of the market and the product positioning. There are various strategies being used by firms wanting to expand overseas. A global strategy treats the world as a single market whereas localized approach takes into account the local opportunities in forming the strategy. Base on the various literature available, it would be determined that transnational segmentation is not the way forward for firms wanting to expand overseas. A standardized approach can be adopted but each market segment would need a standardized strategy and cater to different market segments there can be several global strategies. Besides, the same standardized approach cannot be applicable for all types of goods and in all types of markets. The optimal marketing strategy would be to take into account targeting and positioning across international boundaries. To derive benefits, firms have been showing interest in global marketing which implies an integrated and global marketing approach (Guerini, 2006). To survive in the face of price wars, competition, and high-quality product/services, they are looking for something radical that could transform the way business could be done. Marketers have been debating whether to pursue a global versus a localized approach to international marketing. Traditional orientations of marketing are being replaced by transnational market similarities. This paper builds on the view that firms are trying to segment the countries according to similar characteristics but marketers realize that to be successful in international market local adaptation is necessary.

Personal Privacy Vs. National Security Research Paper

Personal Privacy Vs. National Security - Research Paper Example Because of this very reason different opinions have been formed regarding the methods which should be adopted to avert terrorism. Moreover it is seen that the roots of terrorism extend up to the general population and hence important measures are needed to root it out. Policies of counter terrorism are formed all over the world through which the governmental agencies aim to obtain information about individuals who are believed to be linked with the acts of terrorism. As the world has advanced it is seen that technology has had a great influence on these counter terrorism policies. The situation however gets complex when the question of intruding in the lives of people arises. The governmental bodies have been entitled by many governments to intrude the privacy of all the individuals who are considered to be linked with a certain act of terrorism. Privacy is one of the most fundamental rights laid down in almost every constitution formed by the countries. It is the duty of the governm ents to ensure that the citizens are getting this right regardless of the ethnicity, race, sex or religion of the concerned individual. It is this topic that has given rise to a debate between the government officials and the people who are concerned with privacy. While the government may be able to stop national threats, it’s not worth our personal privacy being violated and invaded like airport security groping young children, our personal information no longer being private and unnecessary video monitoring and surveillance. In 1787 Alexander Hamilton wrote that ‘to be safer, nations at length will become willing to run the risk of being less free’. This statement clearly means that national security threats at one time will be averted at any cost even if it harms the basic democratic rights of the citizens. With time it has been noticed that the statement was quite right as privacy has been denied to many individuals regardless of their association with any te rrorist group. Previously privacy was considered as a privilege by the citizens which they could enjoy at any given cost however things have changed in the days today as the government is the sole authority which decides about the rights of individuals. In order to analyze a person the governmental bodies are using different methods through which their private data is being maintained. This data is then being used to identify the patterns or acts of the individuals and this whole process is known as data mining. If not legal, it is the moral responsibility of the government to maintain the privacy of all of its citizens, this being one of their basic rights. In some instances it is seen that the government does not apply limitations when they have to reach out to certain people. These acts include the new airport checking system which is harming the privacy of the individuals entering in different countries (U.S & Minow 2004). The rights of individuals to privacy has many benefits i n itself. It protects the individuals from discrimination which may be done on the basis of the information that the authorities receive from them. And hence it can be said that the right to privacy can eliminate the social divide which may be created otherwise. Privacy of individuals

International Advertising Strategy-B&Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Advertising Strategy-B&Q - Essay Example On the other hand, in order for the organization to attract customers from international markets, it must ensure that it markets its products effectively. Effective marketing implies that the organization has to recognize the fact that it is serving different kinds of customers. Marketing in a diverse economy calls for attention on the different cultures that make up the market (Mooij, 2004, 23). Therefore, an organization should consider the different cultures in the market before advertising its products. The business can fulfill this by using the different marketing concepts at hand. For instance, the business may ensure that it understands the ethnic diversity of the people. In addition, the organization could also ensure that it advertises its products in different languages that can be understood by the different customers that it intends to reach. Other concepts that can be used include studying the culture of each targeted community, and customizing the advertisements in orde r to be applicable to each group of persons (Tian & Borges, 2011, 111). This serves to ensure that the advertisements will not be offending to some communities. This is because; while some of the strategies used in some communities may be applicable to the community, they may be unethical in some other communities. The business should also consider the religion, social norms and values of the people. In addition, the organization should also consider the living style of the people and their education standards. Therefore, when choosing the different kinds of marketing mix, the organization should consider these marketing concepts. B&Q is an international company that mainly deals with manufacturing and repairing of farm tools. The company also manufactures gardening components, plants, and furniture equipment. Other tools that are offered by the company include home improvement tools and supplies. For B&Q to launch its products in Sweden and South Korea, it has to market its product s in order to increase the consumers’ awareness. Effective marketing of the products will require the organization to study the different cultures of the two countries such that, the advertisement will be applicable in both regions. The market situations in the two countries are also very differently such that, marketing of products will require the company to customize its advertisements and marketing campaigns. For instance, while in one country technology may be more advanced and easily used in advertisements, in the other country technology may be very poor and backward such that, it may not even be possible to apply it in marketing campaigns. Therefore, the specific methods chosen for each country should depend on the economic status (Hunt,  2012, 1). For instance, in Sweden, B& Q experiences very stiff competition from some of its key competitors. On the other hand, in South Korea, the competition is very low and weak. Therefore, B&Q should use more intense methods of promotion in Sweden as compared to the methods used in South Korea. While in Sweden, the campaign will mainly target on proving to customers that its products and services are better than those of its competitors, in South Korea the advertisement campaign will have mainly focus on increasing awareness of its products to its competitors. Therefore, this marketing campaign will require expertise and knowledge of attracting customers to purchase the products of the organization. In addition, the campaign wi

The Importance Of Water In Islam Theology Religion Essay

The Importance Of Water In Islam Theology Religion Essay In Malaysia, after Pakatan Rakyat party successfully conquering Selangor state from Barisan Nasional party since 2008, they have launched a lot of initiative welfares for Selangor residents. On 13 March 2008, Selangor State Government has announced the implementation of Merakyatkan Ekonomi Selangor (MES) agenda to improve living standard of Selangor residents. There are 14 agendas included in MES and one of them is free water provision for the first 20 cubic meters water domestic consumers who using individual meters in Selangor starting from June 2008. Selangor State Government offers first 20 cubic meters water which equivalent to 20,000 liters or 5.680 gallons per month for free. This benefit is for all Selangor people regardless of their economy status, race or political affiliation. Other than that, the main objective of this welfare is to reduce the burden life especially for low-income groups as a result cost of living and the inflation rates are continue to increase. At the same time, it is of the holistic and integrated components to restructuring water management in order to provide more efficient and effective service. Through this program, Selangor State Government bear the average cost of rebate RM 11.00 per month for each user. Then, the record payment by the Selangor State Government is stated in bill received by each user from SYABAS (Selangor Water Supply Company). Besides that, 20 cubic meters of free water supply is only eligible for domestic consumers who use individual meters. For domestic users who use bulk meters in condominiums and apartments, they need to change to individual meters to enjoy this free water. Change of bulk meters to individual meters is subject to the conditions set by SYABAS. As the result, currently more than one million people who use individual meters enjoy it especially low cost apartment dwellers. Until July 2012, over RM 6 million was spent on free water to residents of low-cost apartments through Safwa Scheme (Free Water Rebate Scheme). According to Housing and Property Selangor Board (LPHS) report, 92% or 58, 049 units already received. While the remaining 8% or 6, 666 units failed to implement the rebate claim due to labor shortages in Joint Management Body (JMB). This positive action shows the governments responsibility toward public welfare. In Islam, this is a good example because the leader should take care of their people. However, some consider this program involves high costs and will affect the allocation of funds provided by the Government of Malaysia to Selangor state. In Islam, the leader should manage the public properties to avoid waste for not so important activities. Therefore, a comprehensive study and analysis are needed to ensure that the program is consistent with Islamic law. 2. WATER ACCESIBILITY ANALYSIS 2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN ISLAM Historically, all ancient civilizations in the world began in area that has water resources such as river or seashore. For instance, Mesopotamia civilization began at Euphrates and Tigris River, China civilization began at Huang He River and India civilization began at Indus River. This fact shows that they are really rely on water in their daily life. Water from the river is used to irrigate agricultural areas, cooking, bathing and others. Based on Al-Mujam Al-Mufahras book, water or al-ma in Arabic was mentioned 63 times in the Al-Quran. According to Naser I. Faruqui, water is very importance in Islam. It is a blessing from Allah that gives and sustains life, and purifies humankind and the earth. It is based on Allah words in verse 65 of Surah Al-Nahl: And Allah sends down water from above, and therewith gives life to the earth after its death. Surely there is a sign in this for a people who listen. Besides that, Allah said all beings is made from water. According to the research, the earth is covered with 3/4 water and the human body contained of 3/4 water. In verse 30 of Surah Al-Anbiya: Do not those who disbelieve see that the heavens and the earth were closed up, so We rent them. And We made from water everything living. Will they not then believe?. Due to water is very important resource for every people regardless rich or poor, Islam declared that everyone has the right to a fair share of water consumption. This claim is emphasized by the hadith reported by Abu Dawud that Rasulullah said Muslims have common share in three things: grass (pasture), water and fire (fuel). In addition, the Prophet forbids Muslims hoarding the excess water and he is obliged to allow others to use it. The Prophet stated: Among the three people Allah will ignore on the Day of Resurrection are a man who possessed superfluous water on a way and he withheld it from the travellers. This hadith was narrated by Al-Bukhari. https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8g4Uk3P9ItU0f-ejiXhXQbYkshXwyH6OQ1Ic463fu1Fuk030Chttps://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsOS628HbJuBc5CBTS7_dg-mbQo9POI1BgyGI90Ns8hB9hHBFF Tigris-Euphrates River in Egypt and Huang He River in China use for irrigation 2.2 TYPES OF WATER IN ISLAM In Islam, water is essential for the Muslims to purify themselves such as perform ablution (wudhu) before the prayer and perform obligatory bath (ghusl) after having sexual intercourse. One of the conditions, these actions is necessary to use pure water to make it valid. Thus, the absence of clean water will make it difficult for Muslims to manage their daily life and to worship to Allah SWT. In reality, there are different types of water in this world and not all water is suitable for human. Basically, the water covers around 70% of the earth and it is very exposed to other elements that can change its original condition. Thus, this requires human wisdom to determine whether the water can be used or not. In Fiqh Taharah or Islamic Hygienically Jurisprudence, Islam has divided water into three main parts which pure water and can purify other things (tahur), pure water but cant purify other things (tahir), and water containing dirt which not pure and cant purify other things (mutanajj is). First major category is pure water and can purify other things (tahur). This water can be divided deeper into mutlaq water and musyammas water. For mutlaq water, it remains with the original nature of its occurrence have been made by Allah. It is water that has not been mixed with dirt, water reservoir that is more than two tanks no longer used and not mixed with other substances. In addition, the water is still mutlaq water even thought it has changed due to abandoned for long period in soil, moss and stagnant areas. In addition, if the water continuously flowing but contain sulfur it still categorized as mutlaq water. This is due to water is in liquid condition and difficult to differentiate it. For two tanks measurement, the length and the width is 60 centimeter or 22.5 inches respectively with depth 62.5centimeter or 25 inches. If the two tanks measurement is converted into the weight measurement, it equals to 174 liters or 190 kilogram or 11 kerosene cans. Besides that, there are eight types of water including in the mutlaq water which are river water, well water, rain water, dew water, sea water, snow water, spring water and tap water. The Prophet Muhammad also ordered to use mutlaq water to clean the dirt. This evidence is based on Abu Hurairah narration: a Bedouin stood up and peed in the mosque, so his friends prevent it. Upon this Rasulullah said, leave him and pour a container of water over the urine. Indeed, you are asked to facilitate not troublesome. Then, according to Sheikh Abu Abdullah Husayn Nasir bin Muhammad Taib in his As-Subyan Hidayatul book :Not valid the purification unless water come from common qaid such as sugar cane, sugar, soap and such, and water from the sky such as rain and dew or water coming out of the earth such as sea water, river water and well water. On the other hand, musyammas water is quite different compare to mutlaq water. In Al-Badrain Matla book written by Sheikh Abdul Al-Fatani Faqir Muhammad Bin Ismail Daud Al-Fatani stated: Musyammas water is also pure water and can purify other things but abominable (makruh) to use it on the body. It afraid contributes to hairpiece disease when people used it. The position is permanent in a container and heated by sunlight in hot climate states. This matter very seriously considered by Rasulullah as in a story narrated by Baihaqi: From Saiditina Aishah indeed she is heating the water under sunlight, and Rasuluhlah SAW had said to her: do not do that O Aishah because the water can cause hairpiece disease. Literally, makruh means dislike, blamed and displeasing. It refers to leave anything not demanded by Allah but not prohibited to do it. Acts which are makruh are definitely discouraged but the evidence to prove they are forbidden is less strong. Thus, the commission of makruh acts is n ot blamed but its omission is preferable. Second major category is pure water but cant purify other things (tahir). This water can be divided more into mustamal water and muqayyad water. For mustamal water, the water is able to drink but not applicable for cleansing. According to Ibn Akhil in his book entitled Al-Mutaalim Zadul: Mustamal water is less than two tank that has been used for impurities such as has been used in ablution and bath or water that has been used in remove the dirt. After that, it is not valid to purify other things. Besides that, water from trees, fruits and roots also considered as mustamal water. Then, all water can change by two ways which are changing by taqdiri and changing by hissi. Changing by taqdiri means the water only change on taqdir (stipulation) and the changes cant be seen. So, mustamal water is under changing by taqdiri However, changing by hissi means the changes that can be seen. Mutlaq water is under changing by hissi. In addition, Syeikh Faqih Dr. Wahbah Al-Zuhaili argued that the a mount of water also affect water quality. For example is mustamal water become mutlaq water if the quantity more than 2 tank or 270 liter. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL1CH316uAtYLU2AnuHByulBd1-4nenWoBxCFsSwuP9D0ObWyKYOlcAuJraXiQJSG-nMIjl5-Wn6qXi7TY2NzJRk4O3EcMj5j2Ol5O1rjhTzwWH0o7cD7mKuho5ktcpDyPf27uav5Afso/s1600/embun.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nnUqsIEWWw4/UEkvF_5_9PI/AAAAAAAABkU/_9k9GRFtIFw/s1600/Sungai+Kehidupan.jpg https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitjmB83Mlm6sOGEuyc_l7CyLJHNxa6OHwSaX2wtks4hTSoET_niJ4PhzydZC-LAzuJoW3AY9F4dotlHp5qLe1foijYGZB2oB82PQpxpyYRbkCXF5Nn_jocVrXZBgmlpulIxYjegMBFYgs/s1600/Salji+memutih.jpg Dew water, river water and snow water are some sources that can be used for mutlaq water Next, water is mixed by two ways. First way is through mujawir. This means the water changes because there is something that can be separated from the water. For example, a person put a stick in a pail to stir the water in the pail. Then, the stick can be pulled out from the pail. Then the water is still regarded as pure water. Second way is through mukhalit. This means the water changes because there is something that unable separated from the water. For instance, a person put the fruit flavor in a pail of water. It is impossible to separate fruit flavor and water to their original condition. Then the water no longer exists as pure water as has changes to mustamal water. In contrast, muqayyad water is water that is mixed with something pure that changing one of the characteristics. For instance are coffee water, sugarcane juice and soap. In Islamic view, parameters for water quality are based on the chemical and physical characteristics of smell, taste, color and temperature. Then, qayyad on water is divided into qayyad lazim and qayyad musfaq. For qayyad lazim, it means substances attached together until it absolutely different from pure water such as coffee and honey. Although pure, it still cant be used for purification because already mixed with variations of water. However, for qayyad musfaq, it means substances detached among each other and not affect pure water such as rain water and well water. Thus, the water is still cited as pure water. Third major category is water containing dirt which not pure and cant purify other things (mutanajjis). There are three main conditions regarding to mutanajjis water which unable for purification. First condition is water containing less than two tanks even though the water does not change color, smell and taste. Second condition is water containing more than two tanks but has changes color, odor and taste due to the dirt. Third condition is water is mixing with clean substances but has the color, smell and taste. In terms of language, dirt is defined as dirty things such as blood, urine and feces. In terms of syara, dirt is defined as all the impurities that prevent validity for pray. There are three types of dirt according to their hierarchy and all the dirt must be purified using mutlaq or pure water. The lightest dirt is mukhaffafah. It is the urine of baby boy who only eat breast milk and less than two years old. The cleansing methods are by wash and wipe the urine before sprinkle the pure water on the place. The moderate dirt is mutawasittah. It is including blood, pus, vomit, saliva, alcohol and others. The cleansing methods are washing until lost any nature color, smell and taste before cleanse by pure water. The heaviest dirt is mughallazah. It is the dirt relate to dog and pig. The cleansing methods are by wash once by soil water. Then, continue washing by using pure water for six times until loss any nature color, smell and taste. If still not gone, repeat the washing method. 2.3 THE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES In December 1998, the Workshop on Water Resources Management in the Islamic World was held in Amman, Jordan. One of the discussions is implementation approaches for water demand management (WDM) within the context of Islam. The approaches are water conservation and wastewater reuse. In water conservation approach, they argued supply of water is fixed. Thus, water management is needed to ensure the amount water supply is enough with the amount of water used. This opinion can be approved in verse 18 of Surah Al-Mukminun: And We send down water from the sky according to certain measure, and We cause it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease). Human can use water in moderate way and not consume beyond the limit. If extravagant exist, Allah has right to take back His blessings. The Prophet also taught human to consume efficiently. According to Al-Bukhari: The Prophet Mohammad used to perform ablution with one mudd of water [equal to 2/3 litres] and used to take a bath with one sa up to five mudds [equal to 2-3 1/2 litres]. Currently, this water conservation approach shows positive impact when the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a health education program through mosques. The program included training imams on proper health practices, water conservation, water saving, proper sanitation and hygiene in the prevention of diseases. In addition, the imams then gave sermons about water conservation during the congregational Friday prayer. For wastewater reuse approach, they argued water should not be wasted. Thus, water should be used for beneficial purposes and use it in effective and efficient way. In verse 31 of Surah Al-Araf: O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters. From this verse, Allah hate people who are wasteful in eat and drink. Normally, individual drinking water every day in their life because thirsty. However, if some people deliberately waste the water, others people might not able to drink sufficient of water. Reusing wastewater is an essential component of a demand management strategy because it conserves freshwater for the highest-value uses. In 1978, the Council of Leading Islamic Scholars (CLIS) in Saudi Arabia concluded in a special fatwa in 1978 that treated wastewater can be used even for ablution and drinking as soon as absence of health risk. This fatwa was concluded based on detailed study by scientists and engineers toward waste water condition and its short-term and long-term effects toward human health. https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSoqOSAOx-jkOGFXzuoHnGRRLp9YxRrEyJ9h43NZnWLDLZpKPlMBAhttps://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQSzWez8vfEZ2s1lOiiy2JAJYwffJC_oiFVrqNqQe0W-P0qUZfRJw Saudi Arabia Wastewater Treatment Plant at Riyadh and Al Hail Both water conservation approach and wastewater reuse approach was introduced before are classified as non-economic approach. However, in a book entitled Water Management in Islam, one economic approach which called family planning was added. Basically, family planning not directly reducing the average water consumption. However, it helps for further reductions in overall availability of water per capita. By family planning, the government can predict future reduction of water consumption as size of members per family smaller. When future result is known, it facilitates the government to provide systematic long-term planning in order to overcome future problems. However, the problem is family planning or contraception is new in Islam. During Prophet Muhammad era, most Muslims have big family members because it didnt have birth control regulations. Therefore, based on this situation, a few Islamic scholars believe that birth control is not allowable in Islam. Still, some others scholar said it is no strong evidence in Islam to support a ban on family planning. Moreover, they contend although the religion encourages having children, it is not obligatory. Finally, the contemporary jurists agreed that family planning is allowable in Islam with a few conditions must be followed. First, it is only permissible for married couple man and woman. Second, it should have the mutual consent of the couple and thirdly, the chosen method must truly controllable. As conclusion, three approaches stated before will provide some alternatives for Islamic countries to choose the possible method for their water management. The holistic assessment should be implemented according to advantages and disadvantages of each approach. For water conservation, the advantage it is not very large cost but the disadvantage may no full commitment from society. For wastewater reuse, the advantage it is able for countries which doesnt have abundant water sources but the disadvantage it covers very high cost for building plants and continuous treatment process. For family planning, the advantage it is the government able to predict future water usage but the disadvantage it will reduces number of Muslims population in that country. 3.WATER RIGHTS http://mes.selangor.gov.my/modules/content/content.php?page=air-percuma-setiap-bulan http://airkumalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/06/cara-menjimatkan-air.html http://web.idrc.ca/openebooks/924-0/#page_xx http://www.meed.com/sectors/economy/government/saudi-arabia-presses-ahead-with-a-wastewater-revolution/3007439.article http://istajib.blogspot.com/2011/04/air-dan-islam-sorotan-ringkas.html http://www.ustaznoramin.com/2011/03/pembahagian-air-dalam-islam.html http://www.ustaznoramin.com/2011/03/pembahagian-najis-dalam-islam.html http://www.al-azim.com/masjid/infoislam/ibadat/air.htm

A Worn Path :: Essays Papers

A Worn Path In the short story A Worn Path, by Eudora Welty there is only one main character Miss Phoenix Jackson, who is in barking on a journey that would lead her to the desired destination. Phoenix's personality would change as she gathered more land with her persistent walking, passing through many different settings. Although the change in scenery is blately obvious it is sometimes what we over look, when trying to examine the characters attitude, or morals in different situations. The attitude change in Miss Jackson is noticeable as she lumbers through the pines, crossing the stream, and again while sitting at the doctor's office. When Phoenix is walking early in the morning she is amongst the pine trees that seems to engulf her, she shows her determination as she lumbers along the trail. With the motion in her step going from side to side in a manner that would sagest the pace that she is keeping, although is a slow in general, may be a little quicker then she would normally be maintaining. This would be so that she could return before the sun goes down with the medicine for her little grandson. She knows this trail very well and walks with confidence, persistently taping the ground with her cane, possible not even looking at where it is her feet are landing. Upon the way she stops to scold and warn the foxes, and other small animals she was visualizing to stay out of her way that she had a far walk and that she must be getting on her way. She says this with a tone in her voice which I imagine to be a voice that a older women uses when they mean business and must finish what they set out to do. Phoenix waves her cane much like someone would at a horse, to persuade it to continue on the path. As Phoenix approaches the stream it becomes obvious that the spirit and imagination inside of her is that of a child. It almost appears that Phoenix has reached the fountain of youth, which releases the child inside of her. She takes a large first step raising her knee high walking onto the log that resemble that of a marching band, while holding the small cane straight out as if to point the direction.

Puritan Literature Analysis Essay

Puritans were believers and this way they were able to convince their counterparts across the journey about the importance of their doctrines. Similarly , according to the usual manner , many were afflicted with seasickness. This was part of testing their faith in the lord. The puritans were able to glorify the lord and to streamline his worthiness in their belief and life. The Puritans strongly believed, that God appear in their lifes. They believed that God is present in every human action and natural phenomenon.Futhermore, they believed that they are God’s cosen people and that ther are a shining example for the world. In the early 1600’s, the lifestyles of the Puritans may not appeal to many of us, some of the idea come from some of the authors, example: William Bradford, John Winthrop, Cotton Mathers, John Smith, Anne Bradstreet, John Cotton, John Owens, Matthew Henry, Richard Baxter, Samuel Rutherford. Most of their writting have the common idea.Some of the author wrote with genre which is sermons, diaries,journals,letter,bible; their own style such as psycology, plain words choice, and used irony; their literary devices are puritism, repition, personasives, practically and spiritually; the last thing is theme such as how they live, their culture and religions, political, but mostly it’s about there life and God. They were stressful than they presently are if we follow them. For example, there are some people who do not condone mordern living such as electricity, modern transpotation and fashionable clothing.Also, about the transportations they walked or they had their own horses. Like we know that all of the Puritans writters from the past, most of them are white but some of them are black, and they were woman instead. The writings of Rowlandson and Bradstreet reflected the qualities of devotion to God, perseverance through trials, and the bond of family; qualities that were essential to the Puritan way of life. Based on their writti ng, we can know that people believed in God, they said that the more son or daughthers were born the more powers they have. Because God blessed them and give them powers to shine with others.They will have more lands and they would stated to plant things them got harvest then sell them and got money in their hands for saving and continuing their life. Puritans led a simple life, they looked for the least complicated approach to living in the world. They believed in predestination and an all powerful, unforgiving God who had everything planned for the future, in terms of who would be part of the elect, and who would move on to an eternal afterlife. They also believed that most people were destined for hell, no matter how faithful they were to their people and God.Puritans valued hard work, morality, and found truth through the bible. The works of Anne Bradstreet, and Jonathan Edwards, take us into the Puritan world and we can see that they do lead a life that is constantly spirituali zed. Although they experience the spirituality through physical elements of life, the value of the spirit still exists. These works also stand as important foundations of American Literature. These ideas and lifestyles revolve around spirituality as a central theme in their lives. The Puritans had a very simple form of writing of which they focused on the Bible and religious themes.The Puritans were deeply devoted to God and living out his commandments on earth. Puritan qualities of faith, perseverance, and family influenced their literature and way of life. Neither of the stories went into great detail on these women’s tragedies, instead they took a positive view of life and focused on what God could do through their lives during the hard circumstances. The faith, perseverance, and dedication to family demonstrated by these writings had a positive influence on the society and culture of their time.

current-traditional rhetoric - definition and examples

current-traditional rhetoric - definition and examples Definition Current-traditional rhetoric is a  disparaging term for the textbook-based methods of composition instruction popular in the U.S. during the first two-thirds of the 20th century. Robert J. Connors (see below) has suggested that a more neutral term, composition-rhetoric, be used instead. Sharon Crowley, professor of rhetoric and composition at Arizona State University,  has observed that current-traditional rhetoric is a direct descendant of the work of the British new rhetoricians. During the greater part of the 19th century, their texts constituted a fundamental part of rhetorical instruction in American colleges (The Methodical Memory: Invention in Current-Traditional Rhetoric, 1990). The expression current-traditional rhetoric was coined by Daniel Fogarty in  Roots for a New Rhetoric  (1959) and popularized by Richard Young in the late 1970s. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Five-Paragraph EssayModels of CompositionModes of Discourse Composition, Composition-Rhetoric, and Composition Studies New Rhetoric Rhetoric Examples and Observations In The Principles of Rhetoric and Their Application (1878), the first and most popular of his six textbooks, [Adams Sherman] Hill emphasizes features that have come to be identified with current-traditional rhetoric: formal correctness, elegance of style, and the modes of discourse: description, narration, exposition, and argument. Persuasion, for Hill, becomes only a useful adjunct to argument, invention only a system of management in a rhetoric devoted to arrangement and style.(Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies. Greenwood, 1999) Characteristics of Current-Traditional RhetoricCurrent-traditional rhetoric is  characterized by its emphasis on the formal features of the finished product of composing. The current-traditional essay employs a rigorous movement from general to specific. It displays a thesis sentence or paragraph, three or more paragraphs of supporting examples or data, and a paragraph each of introduction and conclusion.(Sharown Crowley, Current-Traditi onal Rhetoric.  Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by  Theresa Enos. Routledge, 1996) A Non-RhetoricDespite the name given it by historians,  current-traditional rhetoric is  not a rhetoric at all. Current-traditional textbooks display no interest in suiting discourses to the occasions for which they are composed. Rather, they collapse every composing occasion into an ideal in which authors, readers, and messages are alike undistinguished. What matters in current-traditional rhetoric is form. Current-traditional pedagogy forces students to repeatedly display their use of institutionally sanctioned forms. Failure to master the sanctioned forms signals some sort of character flaw such as laziness or inattention. . . .Current-traditional textbooks nearly always began with consideration of the smallest units of discourse: words and sentences. This suggests that their authors, and the teachers for whom they wrote, were anxious to correct two features of students discourse: usage and grammar.(Sharon Crowley, Literature and Composition: Not Separate but Certainly Unequa l.  Composition in the University: Historical and Polemical Essays.  University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998) A Convenient Whipping BoyCurrent-traditional rhetoric became the default term for the tradition of rhetoric that appeared specifically to inform the composition courses of the latter nineteenth century and the twentieth century up through the 1960s. . . . Current-traditional rhetoric as a term seemed to indicate both the outmoded nature and the continuing power of older textbook-based writing pedagogies. . . .Current-traditional rhetoric became a convenient whipping boy, the term of choice after 1985 for describing whatever in nineteenth- and twentieth-century rhetorical or pedagogical history any given author found wanting. Got a contemporary problem? Blame it on current-traditional rhetoric. . . .What we have reified as a unified current-traditional rhetoric is in reality, not a unified or an unchanging reality.(Robert J. Connors, Composition-Rhetoric. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997)

Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway

The short story by Ernest Hemingway, â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† in about, man, Harry, who is on vacation with his wife, Helen, and unfortunately struck with gangrene. When the disease starts to spread trough his body, Harry begins to reflect on his life. Hemmingway expresses the theme that most humans should have some respect for one another, as well as respect for themselves, because they way people treat each other plays a major in their death; plus, be aware that death can come at any given moment. Since Harry completely failed to secure a past love in his life, he attempts to recapture that flame and also try to fill the void by disrespecting some people and stealing another man’s women. When Harry is in Paris, he goes to a bar and picks up on women and then decided that he is unsatisfied with this woman and steals a different woman from a British solider. â€Å"And that night missing her so much it made him feel hollow sick inside, he wandered up past Maxim’s, to pick girl up and took her out to dinner’ (13). So Harry is totally sad and depressed with the fact that his one true love is gone and tries to fill that empty space in his life with some random women he comes across of the streets. But when he was on this date with this women he was not satisfied with this women so he feels it is important to steal another mans female. ‘He gone to the place to dance with her afterward, she danced badly, and left her for an Armenian slut that swung her b elly against him so it almost scalded. He took her away from a British gunner† (13). Even through Harry can get any women he chooses, he also craves other men’s property. â€Å"Harry’s thoughts are not merely of personal loss, but are also the and losses he has witnessed in the lives of others, even in the lives of nations. Thus, his vision pf life is a universal one and hence is a significant comment on life not jus a personal petulance† (Meyers pg. 19). Harry attempts ... Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway There are many connections between Ernest Hemingway’s life and his literary works, starting with his short stories all the way up to his most famous novels. The Nick Adams stories are short stories that tell the story of Ernest Hemingway’s life. These stories consist of many things, from camping with his father, to witnessing his first birth and death. Also they include Hemingway being out on the battlefield during World War I. The Nick Adams stories sum up his life and how he lived it. Hemingway’s family was fairly normal. Hemingway’s mother, Grace Hall, tried to civilize her children. This is probably the reason why she wanted Ernest to become a musician. On the other hand, his father exposed the boys to more masculine things like hunting, fishing, and living in the woods. Hemingway’s father, Clarence Edmond, was a physician. This may be the reason he tried to convince Ernest into studying medicine. Hemingway was a man of many contradictions and of a very long-winded nature. He worked as a reported for the Kansas City Star. In 1918 during World War I, he served as a Red Cross Volunteer in Italy as an ambulance driver and canteen deliver. While driving an ambulance one-day he was seriously wounded. This suggests why his writing emphasized physical and psychological violence and a need for courage. Hemingway was very good at identifying with the common people and capturing them in their speech patterns. This is sought to be the reason why in 1921, he went to Paris. While there he met a group of American authors and became a principle spokesman for a group of disillusioned young writers called the â€Å"Lost Generation†. In 1927 when Hemingway returned to the United States, he married Pauline Pfeiffer, mother of his two younger sons. He divorced her in 1940 and married the writer, Martha Gellhorn. Hemingway wrote a series of short stories called the Nick Adams stories. These stories were written about He... Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Chicago, Illinois. He was born at eight o’clock and weighed nine pounds and eight ounces and he was twenty-three inches long. His father Dr. Clarence Hemingway, he was a fervent member of the First Congregation church. Ernest was christened at this church on October first, on his parent’s third wedding anniversary. When Ernest was six years old his grandfather died. After the death of his grandfather he and his family moved to a new house. This house had three stories and eight bedrooms. Growing up in the Hemingway wasn’t easy. No one in the house was allowed to anything enjoyable on the Sabbath Day, all you could was worship God. Lashes from a razor strap or a hairbrush were the punishment for bad behavior. Ernest developed into a well-rounded young man. Everything he done had to be done right. He attended Oak Park and River Township High School. Ernest enjoyed English and received good grades, but he was uninterested in other subjects. During high school he enjoyed boxing, canoeing, and writing articles for his school newspaper. After graduation he wanted to join the services or learn to write. Ernest got a job at the Kansas City Star after high school. Ernest’s job on the star was to cover the ‘short-stop run’ this entailed the Fifteenth Street Police Station, Union Station, and General Hospital. He was trained by a manual that declared good writing. He learned that good writer didn’t ramble on about things. Before long he grew bored with news stories, and wanted to become part of the war to see some real action. The only problem was he had a deficiency in his left eye and didn’t know if he could enter the war because of this problem. Ernest learned from a fellow reporter that he could be accepted, so he applied. Ernest applied for the position of ambulance driver. A few weeks after applying he got ... Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway Discovering a Subject It’s very important to be your own person. Ernest Hemingway is an author who is known for being generally disliked amongst most teenagers. I like his writings. I had previously read For Whom the Bell Tolls by Hemingway and enjoyed its wartime setting and surprise ending. Before I read any of Hemingway’s short stories I had assumed that all his stories were in wartime settings. For most of his stories this is true, but I was surprised at how many weren’t during a war. I have chosen four of Hemingway’s short pieces to analyze. After reading and taking notes on common themes and literary elements for many Hemingway stories I have decided to use â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro†, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber†, â€Å"Soldier’s Home† and â€Å"In Another Country†. â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† is about a man Harry, and his wife, Helen. It takes place in Africa during a hunting trip. Harry has developed gangrene from what started as a small scratch in his leg. Harry is barely alive and welcoming death at the start of the story. He soon fears death as he realizes he wants to live. When death is brought to his camp for him in the form of a hyena, he succumbs to death and dies in the end. â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† also takes place in Africa on a Safari. The main characters are husband and wife also, Francis and Margaret. Francis has lost his pride and his wife’s affection because he was too cowardly to kill a charging Lion. Wilson, the safari guide and hunter, is left to kill the lion himself. Wilson’s occupation and courage are attractive to Margaret who then sleeps with him. Francis is aware that she has had many lovers before and this incident only tears the couple apart further. The story en ds with Francis trying to redeem his pride by chasing down a buffalo. They think he has finally killed it when it suddenly charges them again and brushes Francis on the head. At th... Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway The short story by Ernest Hemingway, â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† in about, man, Harry, who is on vacation with his wife, Helen, and unfortunately struck with gangrene. When the disease starts to spread trough his body, Harry begins to reflect on his life. Hemmingway expresses the theme that most humans should have some respect for one another, as well as respect for themselves, because they way people treat each other plays a major in their death; plus, be aware that death can come at any given moment. Since Harry completely failed to secure a past love in his life, he attempts to recapture that flame and also try to fill the void by disrespecting some people and stealing another man’s women. When Harry is in Paris, he goes to a bar and picks up on women and then decided that he is unsatisfied with this woman and steals a different woman from a British solider. â€Å"And that night missing her so much it made him feel hollow sick inside, he wandered up past Maxim’s, to pick girl up and took her out to dinner’ (13). So Harry is totally sad and depressed with the fact that his one true love is gone and tries to fill that empty space in his life with some random women he comes across of the streets. But when he was on this date with this women he was not satisfied with this women so he feels it is important to steal another mans female. ‘He gone to the place to dance with her afterward, she danced badly, and left her for an Armenian slut that swung her b elly against him so it almost scalded. He took her away from a British gunner† (13). Even through Harry can get any women he chooses, he also craves other men’s property. â€Å"Harry’s thoughts are not merely of personal loss, but are also the and losses he has witnessed in the lives of others, even in the lives of nations. Thus, his vision pf life is a universal one and hence is a significant comment on life not jus a personal petulance† (Meyers pg. 19). Harry attempts ... Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway lived his life to the fullest. He experienced more than any other man. Since not many people traveled as much as Ernest, Ernest shared his experiences in books. In â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro†, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†, and â€Å"In Another Country†, Ernest Hemingway uses a great deal of dialogue to help the reader identify with the characters in the story to show the reader how he perceives the situation of his experiences. In Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"In Another Country†, a man is shocked by reality when he hurt his leg in World War I. This short story is primarily described with dialogue between the wounded man and other injured patience in the hospital. The short story takes place in Milan, Italy, in the middle of winter, during World War I. The events in â€Å"In Another Country†, that are discussed relate to Ernest’s experiences as a Red Cross ambulance driver. One night when Ernest decided to work a longer shift in the trenches, a bomb exploded right next to him. The only thing between Ernest and the bomb was a soldier. Without even thinking, Ernest immediately begin carrying the injured men out of the trench. While Ernest was carrying a man, he was shot in the knee. In â€Å"In Another Country† Ernest describes his experiences in the hospital in Milan. Even though it is never said the narrator in the story is obviously Ernest. The dialogue between the Italian major and the narrator of the story, first is focused on the majors hand injury, and the machines that are suppose to provide the miracle cure for the major’s and the narrator’s injuries. But what the reader quickly learns is that the major suffers not from the injury of his hand, but the loss of his wife. The machines becomes a hollow promise with unbelievable photographs with miracle cures, but the message is the majors life is empty with the loss of his wi... Free Essays on Ernest Hemingway Ernest M. Hemingway Do you ever ask yourself what makes life meaningful? For American novelist and short-story writer Ernest Hemingway, it was courage. The characters in his works might not win, but they always live and die bravely. Hemingway told it how it was and didn't hold anything back. Hemingway is well known for his novels of war, big game hunting, fishing, and bullfighting. One of his most famous works, "The Old Man and the Sea," describes an old fisherman's fight to keep a giant fish he caught from being eaten by sharks. Another of his famous works, "For Whom the Bells Tolls," describes a guerrilla fighter during the Spanish Civil War who knew he was doomed to fail. Ernest used his life when he wrote; including everything he did and everything that ever happened to him. He nevertheless remained a private person while wanting his stories to be read but also wanting to be left alone. He once said, "Don't look at me. Look at my words." During World War I Ernest served as an amb ulance driver, in Italy, for the American Red Cross and very much like Frederick Henry of, "A Farewell to Arms," was shot in his knee, recuperates in a hospital and tended by a caring nurse. Like the hero, in the book, he fell in love with the nurse and was given a medal for his heroism. In addition they both enjoyed drinking large amounts of alcohol as well. In "For Whom the Bell Tolls," Hemingway summarizes his own dissatisfaction about his father when he recalls his father's suicide and a character, Jordan, says, "I'll never forget how sick it made me the first time I knew he was a †¦ coward." This goes back to support how Hemingway wasn't afraid to speak his mind and also how he used his life when he wrote. I believe that Hemingway was obsessed with death. In the book, "A Farewell to Arms," Henry met his love, Catherine Barkley, before he was shot, but Catherine and her child died while she was giving birth. Many times Hemingway did not want to expose h...

Electric and Magnetic Fields Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electric and Magnetic Fields - Essay Example Electrical charges and magnets are found to exert forces upon distant objects, thereby altering the region of space surrounding them. The altered space becomes the force field  eventually and through this effect, the body is able to respond to its local environment enabling distant objects to react across space by the nature of the forces caused by the fields. A magnet or an electric charge responds to the field made by the objects immediately within its reach. Equivalently, a massive object can establish a  field of gravity upon which distant entities manage a certain degree of exertion. Though magnetic fields  function hand in hand with electric fields, specific properties distinguish one from the other. The notion of field lines and magnetic fields in existence was initially studied by the English scientist Michael Faraday  (1791-1867) then further by  James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), both of whom pioneered remarkable discoveries of electromagnetism in several aspects.  Maxwell proposed that ‘if a changing magnetic field can make an electric field, then a changing electric field, as via an oscillating electric charge for instance, should make a magnetic field’. Under these circumstances, the changing electric and magnetic fields would activate each other and move at a speed approaching the speed of light. Base on such grounds with empirical findings, Maxwell came up with the theory that light  is  an electromagnetic wave which was given proof by the experiments conducted after his time. Figure 1 - Electric Field (Red) and Magnetic Field (Blue) Since the electric power has been of chief significance to living, humans have engaged themselves into conception of possibilities to obtain higher potentials and benefits with electric and magnetic fields given constant exposure to them. Scientists have long understood even during the 19th century that there exists special connection between electrical fields and magnetic fields which may be experienced everywhere on earth. Moving electric charge (electric current) can induce magnetic field. As such, coils of wire can serve as large electromagnets used in car junk yards in the same way that electric motors can be used to start a car engine or spin a computer’s hard disk. This phenomenon explicates as well how ordinary magnets are derived from tiny currents at the atomic level. An electrical current or electric field is formed by an altering magnetic field which creates electromagnetic waves in the process. Power generator manufacturers utilize this principle to have large coils of wire bear the expected capacity of yielding magnetic field whether by falling water, wind, or steam by burning coal or oil, and even by through the heat coming from nuclear reactions whenever feasible. Audio and video tapes and compact disks, similarly, are capable of encoding information in magnetic patterns whereby magnetic directions and magnetic strengths are alternating. When a magnetic disk or tape material happens to pass near wire coils of any size, electrical currents or fields are generated. Because magnetic fields are regions where an object exhibits magnetic influence, the same object acquires the potential to attract or repel a neighboring magnetic body along the magnetic field lines. It must be noted, however, that magnetic forces have nothing to do with  gravity and the amount of gravity depends upon an object's mass whereas magnetic strength is a function

The Challenges for Business Start-ups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Challenges for Business Start-ups - Essay Example The essay includes discussion and analysis on different aspects of the topic such as financial resources, entrepreneur’s time, competition from existing firms, human resource management, establishment of customer base and intellectual property rights. Alone in United Kingdom, there are more than 4.8 million small businesses which employ less than five people. Furthermore, out of these 4.8 million businesses, 3.8 million are sole proprietors. According to a conservative estimate, almost 0.5 million people start their own business every year. Over 60 percent of the total workforce or almost 22.8 million people of the United Kingdom work with small and medium sized business. Surprisingly, 60 percent of the commercial innovations also come from these small businesses. However, there is another side of the picture, which tells that more than 80 percent of these small businesses fail within the first year of their operations. Therefore, the point here is that these new businesses of ten face a great deal of challenges during their initial days. As the old saying goes that â€Å"People don't plan to fail, they fail to plan†. Only those businesses survive, which have the planning, resources, determination, and focus to cope up with those challenges. This paper is also an attempt to present a brief overview of these challenges in light of various examples and theories. In conclusion, the researcher states that business startups without proper planning are similar to a ship, which is moving in circles without any direction.